02
May
2016 12:08
Anticorruptology is a science of analyzing good conduct and good character .It is difficult to limit the scope of anticorruption but there is necessity to determine the limitations to make its study systematic and specific. Coverage of corruption is broad. It includes petty transaction of bribe and grand corruption that makes state fund disappear. Anticorruptology should take account of human interest, morality, character, right responsibility, duty and more sensitive issue i.e. abuse of authority. Though corruption is being extended limitlessly, anticorruption needs to set its limitation. The following are the limitations of anticorruptology for the time being.
Human behavior, character and mentality are abstract concepts. They are felt but not tangible. All of them concern with human sentiments. So, visible and written proof can’t be produced easily. They are related to understanding level only. The person or organization is to present the proof. Thus this behavior or incident cannot be proved by itself. In this very situation, the second party, who has understood or realized behavior, character and mentality and equipped with information presents the proof. It’s difficult to analyze, interpret and present the evidence in this case.
2. Bribery between service provider and client:
Every government has a policy to provide different services to the citizens. The government deploys employees with government salary and facilities to provide the services. The employees serve the citizens free of cost in dedicated and courteous manner. But, in poor countries, the government employees are involved in taking a little or large amount of bribe according to the nature of service they provide. The clients also want to take fast and easy services by giving bribe. In this case, both service provider and client are held guilty.
3. Illegal transaction during operation of project:
Before the actual implementation of project, there is transaction of illegal commission. The project may be small, medium or large. The amount of commission is bargained according to the interest of government officials. The government officials are regularly bargaining for commission until the project is completed. They are doing such illicit deal with the backing of political power. Not only the internal sector but also the external donors or supporters and their officials have illegal interest that leads to increase in the investment. Not only that the poor countries are cheated in such projects but the rich or donor countries or company and their officials also get maximum benefit. Therefore, there should be provision of specific term of reference (TOR) to control the illegal financial transaction in the projects operated or going to be operated in poor countries.
4. Relationship between political party and state affair:
There is a specific legal framework to run the state affair. The state affair should smoothly run as per the law of the land. But the state affair of poor countries is ruled by political power and not by legal system. The state affair becomes weak when it is controlled by political power. When it becomes weak, the government is unstable. The political party that goes in government for a short period can’t rule and function effectively. The political leaders of poor countries become opportunists and exploit the state affair. They don’t get chance to remain in government for a long time. The state affair cannot be transparent, efficient and systematic unless the unnatural relationship between political party and state come to an end.
5. Amendment of constitution and existing law:
A constitution is the main law of a country. All other laws are based on it. Written law must not be vague and ambiguous. The legal statement should be short and simple. But the law of poor country is vague and ambiguous. The reason behind this is that rich countries are directly or indirectly involved in drafting the law; and they influence it as per their motive. When such type of ambiguous law exists, the political parties frequently amend it as per their petty interest. The political parties take hold of government for short period of time. But they amend the constitution and other laws to fulfill their interest, to misuse the national budget, to retain their power and to exploit the nation and citizens. Thus this type of tendency must be checked.
6. Vested penetration from another country:
There is a trend of vested penetration into developing countries from other countries. This type of penetration spoils the traditional culture, customs, norms, values and religion of such countries. It also subverts the political leaders and persuades them to advocate in favour of them in back force of finance. Similarly, penetration may create such situation where natural resources of developing countries are handed over to another country. The developed and powerful countries influence the developing countries and make them go according to the interest of powerful countries. They keep the poor countries in their own grip by means of penetration. That’s why, to break the network of such penetration also, anticorruptology needs to be studied.
7. Mismanagement in internal state affair:
Internal state affair undergoes with maximum illegal, untransparent activities in recent democratic system. As state affair needs to run by morality, ethics, system and law, it undergoes anarchism especially in developing countries. There seems maximum trend of running state affair autocratically by advocating democracy. It is necessary to run the state affair with established norms, values, systems and rules by correcting such dysfunctional systems. The mismanagement in internal state affair should be eradicated. But due to present anarchical political system, immorality, irresponsibility, autocracy and imbalance have been developed in the state affairs. Consequently, the total state affair has been spoiled and become dysfunctional. To correct it, we need to develop the system to operate the state affair based on the principles of check and balance.
The scope of anticorruptology is unlimited. But above mentioned conditions undergone in poor countries should be included in the area of anticorruptology.
- Human behavior, character and mentality
- Bribery between service providers and clients
- Illegal transaction during operation of project
- Relationship between political party and state affair
- Amendment of constitution and existing law opposed to the constitution
- Vested penetration from another country
- Mismanagement in internal state affair
Human behavior, character and mentality are abstract concepts. They are felt but not tangible. All of them concern with human sentiments. So, visible and written proof can’t be produced easily. They are related to understanding level only. The person or organization is to present the proof. Thus this behavior or incident cannot be proved by itself. In this very situation, the second party, who has understood or realized behavior, character and mentality and equipped with information presents the proof. It’s difficult to analyze, interpret and present the evidence in this case.
2. Bribery between service provider and client:
Every government has a policy to provide different services to the citizens. The government deploys employees with government salary and facilities to provide the services. The employees serve the citizens free of cost in dedicated and courteous manner. But, in poor countries, the government employees are involved in taking a little or large amount of bribe according to the nature of service they provide. The clients also want to take fast and easy services by giving bribe. In this case, both service provider and client are held guilty.
3. Illegal transaction during operation of project:
Before the actual implementation of project, there is transaction of illegal commission. The project may be small, medium or large. The amount of commission is bargained according to the interest of government officials. The government officials are regularly bargaining for commission until the project is completed. They are doing such illicit deal with the backing of political power. Not only the internal sector but also the external donors or supporters and their officials have illegal interest that leads to increase in the investment. Not only that the poor countries are cheated in such projects but the rich or donor countries or company and their officials also get maximum benefit. Therefore, there should be provision of specific term of reference (TOR) to control the illegal financial transaction in the projects operated or going to be operated in poor countries.
4. Relationship between political party and state affair:
There is a specific legal framework to run the state affair. The state affair should smoothly run as per the law of the land. But the state affair of poor countries is ruled by political power and not by legal system. The state affair becomes weak when it is controlled by political power. When it becomes weak, the government is unstable. The political party that goes in government for a short period can’t rule and function effectively. The political leaders of poor countries become opportunists and exploit the state affair. They don’t get chance to remain in government for a long time. The state affair cannot be transparent, efficient and systematic unless the unnatural relationship between political party and state come to an end.
5. Amendment of constitution and existing law:
A constitution is the main law of a country. All other laws are based on it. Written law must not be vague and ambiguous. The legal statement should be short and simple. But the law of poor country is vague and ambiguous. The reason behind this is that rich countries are directly or indirectly involved in drafting the law; and they influence it as per their motive. When such type of ambiguous law exists, the political parties frequently amend it as per their petty interest. The political parties take hold of government for short period of time. But they amend the constitution and other laws to fulfill their interest, to misuse the national budget, to retain their power and to exploit the nation and citizens. Thus this type of tendency must be checked.
6. Vested penetration from another country:
There is a trend of vested penetration into developing countries from other countries. This type of penetration spoils the traditional culture, customs, norms, values and religion of such countries. It also subverts the political leaders and persuades them to advocate in favour of them in back force of finance. Similarly, penetration may create such situation where natural resources of developing countries are handed over to another country. The developed and powerful countries influence the developing countries and make them go according to the interest of powerful countries. They keep the poor countries in their own grip by means of penetration. That’s why, to break the network of such penetration also, anticorruptology needs to be studied.
7. Mismanagement in internal state affair:
Internal state affair undergoes with maximum illegal, untransparent activities in recent democratic system. As state affair needs to run by morality, ethics, system and law, it undergoes anarchism especially in developing countries. There seems maximum trend of running state affair autocratically by advocating democracy. It is necessary to run the state affair with established norms, values, systems and rules by correcting such dysfunctional systems. The mismanagement in internal state affair should be eradicated. But due to present anarchical political system, immorality, irresponsibility, autocracy and imbalance have been developed in the state affairs. Consequently, the total state affair has been spoiled and become dysfunctional. To correct it, we need to develop the system to operate the state affair based on the principles of check and balance.
The scope of anticorruptology is unlimited. But above mentioned conditions undergone in poor countries should be included in the area of anticorruptology.